muscle video

3 types of muscles:

 1) Smooth muscle - controlled by the autonomic nervous system; may either be generally inactive and then respond to neural stimulation or hormones or may be rhythmic. smooth muscles differ the intestines  like biceps and triceps because they are voluntary movement.

2) Cardiac muscle - found in the heart, acts like rhythmic smooth muscle, modulated by neural activity and hormones , The most known cardiac muscle is the heart.

3) Skeletal muscle - move us around and responsible for most of our behaviour; most attached to bones at each end via tendons Quads & Hamstrings muscles- are known as the largest muscles in the body, used for balance and everyday activity , as well as posture and supporting body motion Triceps - Arm muscles which contract rapidly, used for bearing loads, and fast reaction movements of the muscles .

• Flexion - contraction of flexor muscles, drawing in of a limb
• Extension - opposite of flexion, produced by contraction of extensor muscles (antigravity

slow twitch (Type I) muscle fibres and fast twitch (Type II) muscle fibres. Fast twitch fibres can be  categorized into Type IIa and Type IIb fibres

Type 1 - The slow muscles are more used  at using oxygen to fuel your day   for continuous, extended muscle contractions over a long time. They fire more slowly than fast twitch fibers and can go for a long time before they fatigue. at a low intensity but a long period of time  These fibres are used for long distance runners like Mo Farah when Running long distances

Type 2A - The fast twitch fibre is a combination of type 2B and Type 1 and also known as intermediate fast twitch fibres. This would be perfect for a X400m runner due to the event being a  sprint but at a  further distance as usual.

Type 2B
- Type 2B is a very powerful burst of speed. These  fibre has the highest rate of contraction , but can fatigue very easily so it may take a longer rest time to recover. An athlete like Usain bolt would use this Titch fibre when doing his 100 Meters



                                                         muscles 
Acute responses 
-  Increase of blood supply : Really depends on the muscles that are being used or needs to be used , for example when playing football a footballer uses mostly his legs. so the blood supply is rushed directly to them. on the other hand when rowing blood is rushed to your upper body to give it enough energy to carry on the task

- Increased pliability : is an increase of a range of movement. For example a footballer who doesn't stretch  properly would be at the risk of an injury when playing football. If a footballer stretches properly they would decrease the risk of an injury and would have more of a range of movement.

- Micro tears : During exercise muscles will undergo stress, this will eventually cause micro tears in the muscle fibres. Micro tears are cause by over training a certain muscle to the point of tearing. This is well known in football. This will benefit my athlete because once he suffered from micro tears his muscle will get stronger therefore this will prevent from getting this injury again

Antagonist:  The antagonist in a movement refers to the muscles that oppose the agonist.  During elbow flexion where the bicep is the agonist, the tricep muscle is the antagonist.  While the agonist contracts causing the movement to occur, the antagonist typically relaxes so as not to impede the agonist, as seen in the image above.

The antagonist doesn't always relax though, another function of antagonist muscles can be to slow down or stop a movement.  We would see this if the weight involved in the bicep curl was very heavy, when the weight was being lowered from the top position the antagonist tricep muscle would produce a sufficient amount of tension to help control the movement of the weight as it lowers

 Synergist:  The synergist in a movement is the muscle(s) that stabilises a joint around which movement is occurring, which in turn helps the agonist function effectively.  Synergist muscles also help to create the movement.  In the bicep curl the synergist muscles are the brachioradialis and brachialis which assist the biceps to create the movement and stabilise the elbow joint.

 Fixator:  The fixator in a movement is the muscles  that stabilises the origin of the agonist and the joint that the origin spans (moves over) in order to help the agonist function most effectively.  In the bicep curl this would be the rotator cuff muscles, the ‘guardians of the shoulder joint’.  The majority of fixator muscles are found working around the hip and shoulder joints.

Chronic responses 

-  Tendon strength :

Regular exercise increases tendon density because exercise at high intensity  puts a lot of force on the tendon and this increases its strength. This would help a footballer because it will decrease a risk of injury for example of a footballer goes out his way to stretch the ball its less of a chance they will injure their self due to their ligaments being use to the amount of strain.

- Increase of hypertrophy :

Hypertrophy : This when the muscle increases in size, The methods of muscle size is when a person works on a particular muscle. This causes nerve impulses which will set of muscle contraction. This will result to muscle strength and size . This will benefit the footballer because football is a very physical game ,footballers are always battling for the ball by barging each other when it’s a 50/50 tackle. Strength in football separates the men from the boys.

- Myoglobin stores : myoglobin  is an iron and oxygen binding protein which is found in the muscle tissue in the vertebrae, mostly found in mammals. However Myoglobin stores increases everytime you exercise because your body gets use to it and the demands your body puts on them .This means it stores more energy.
                               




                                                       The energy sytstem 
                                                         ATP - lactic acid 



lactic acid system
- Lactic acid is the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen.
- Takes over when ATP at high intensity for exercise lasting between 2 - 3 minutes
- Lactic acid system is used  for example a  2 - 3 minute play in basketball because you play a high  intensity before resting .

ATP 
- ATP  stands for Adenosine Triphosphate
- A moleule in the cell that allows for quick and easy access to energy when needed by the cells organelle.
- A type of chemical energy

Aerobic system
- If we want to carry on activity after 3 minutes , the intensity must drop as we cant keep dealing with a increase in lactic acid .
- can break down glucose , glycogen and fat
- provides energy for moderate intensities such as running for 3 mins - 1 hour
- vital for stamina in sports such as football and basketball

ATP-PC
The  ATP - PC system would be apart of the continuum in the first 8 - 10 seconds of the muscular activity.
short bursts of high intensity exercise, like a 100m sprint may rely almost entirely on anarobic respiration .Energy for sustained periods of exercise. Running long distance like Mo Farah you would be using aerobic respiration.  Many different exercise will make you use more then one of the  energy system at a time . For example in football or basketball , there are some explosive parts and some low intensity depending on the rate of the game. This may vary depending on the position of the footballer
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                                                     The energy continuum 

what is the energy continuum?

The energy continuum is the interaction of the 3 energy systems , this provides energy to the resynthesis   ATP. This conveys the same percentage of every system. But this depends on the duration and intensity of the activity you're taking part in.The leading system initially is the ATP/PC as shown in the diagram .as the PC gets exhausted  (ATP-PC/Lactic acid threshold  the lactic acid system takes over , As said before this may depend on the intensity of the activity.The lactic acid /aerobic threshold is reached between 1 - 3 mins.The aerobic system now becomes the main provider of energy , for ATP synthesis





The characteristics of a 100 M sprinter is split 50% from the ATP-PC system and 50% from the anaerobic glycolysis system, whereas a long distance runner like Mo Farah  relies entirely on the aerobic system. However on the other hand ,   football is a variety of  intensities. Short sprints are interspersed with periods of jogging, walking, moderate-paced running and standing still. This kind of activity has been named "maximal intermittent exercise". As an whole when playing football all 3 energy systems would be used depending on the intensity of the game. Different positions on the pitch uses different energy at different times for example ,  a goal keeper would be standing still using aerobic energy where else   a striker could be using lactic acid when sprinting with the ball.In football the most used characteristics is cardiovascular endurance fitness. This is one of the key aspect to play football and majority of other sports. This comes in to play because the athlete should be able to keep up with the rate and levels of this particular sport. It’s not just footballer has to cope a 90 minute high intensity game but has to recover as quick as possible when they have short breaks within the game. For a footballer to have good endurance he must do a lot of training for him/her to improve and get their bodies use to it. Football is a variation of different intensities depending on the rate of the game. Sometimes a player will sprint and sometimes jog or even stop. For example if a players injured and is waiting for assistance the players may stop fully and take a short break ( This will be made up at the end called extra time) The energy system that may be used is lactic acid This energy sytem fuels short burst when a footballer ( striker ) is sprinting for the ball.

skeletal video

Hello my name is Qasim ali. Today I'm  going to be talking about the skeletal system. This contains the different bones and different type of bones that are in the human body.

Functions of the skeletal system
- support : keeps your body up straight, your vertebrae mainly holds the structure of your body.
- blood cell production : The skeletal sytem stores two main blood cells  are  red: which stores oxygen / while blood cells : prevents infections around the body
- protection : The pelvis is in a curved shape , by this it protects the urinal bladder. our cranium protects out brain from knocks and everyday activities
- shape : gives shape to your body and keeps your body at a certain shape
- Movement - The skeletal system main purpose is movement. Your muscles are attached to your bones by tendons which help you  move effectively.
Diagram of the major bones 
Structure and functions of the skeletal system 

cancellous bone - cancellous bone is a compacted spongy  tissue (trabeculae) of mature adult bones.This is usually found in  your spine and also found in your long bones e.g. thigh bone.
compact bone  - The compact bone is a very dense bone in which it is filled with organic ground substances and inorganic salts.This leaves tiny spaces (lacunae ) that is contains the oesteocytes , or bones cells .
5 types of bones 

- seasamoid : The main seasamoid bone is the  patella which is found in your knee between tendons. These bones have a thick  layer of compact bone to protect both the bones and the tendons . The patella bone in the knee is an example of this type of bone..

- flat : A flat bone is literally a flat bone. The main job for a flat bone is to protect. for example the cranium is a flat bone which protects the brain , Your rib cage protects your vital organs in the axial area of our body.

- long : long bones are some of the longest bones in the body , such as tibla , humerus and femur. and they're some small ones for example metacarpals ,metatarsals  and phalanges.

- short : short bones are known for being as wide as they are long. Due to this it gives support and stability with a little amount of movement.

- irregular : irregular bones don't fall into any of the above categories , due to their non uniform shape . e.g. sacrum , mandible and vertebrae.


P2
Name 3 types of joints:
- slightly movement joints : Slightly moveable joints have a a foam bed of cartilage which the bones rest on  As the name suggests these joints are slightly moveable , with ligaments or cartilage stopping them from going over the restricted movement. An example of this joint would be found in the spine .every bit of the vertebrae from the clavicle to the  coccyx are connected by ligaments and cartilage. This allows Ronaldo to have the slight movement when kicking the ball when he turns his body.
- fixed joints  : a fixed joint is held together  by tough fibrous  straps. They do not allow any sort of  movement .The main example of this is cranium due to it being  a flat bone.
- synovial joints : this is split into 6 different categories ( hinge joint , ball and socket joint , saddle joint , condyloid joint  , gliding joint , pivot joint )

Name 6 types of synovial joints :
- Hinge joint  - is located in the knee and elbow area . restricted movements only forward ad back wards  ( kicking a ball )
- pivot joint - located
- ball and socket`- located in the hip , and shoulder . joint allowed to move 360 degrees ( bowling a cricket ball)
-  saddle joint  located in your carpals .  a restricted range of movement
- condyloid joint  : located in your metacarpals. allowed to move 360 degrees ( table tennis, tennis )
- gliding joint

My image 
my image conveys a famous footballer called Cristiano ronaldo kicking a ball. I have chosen the two different joint that have a big impact in this range of movement .The two movements will have a big impact in this movement:

Hinge joint 
The hinge joint is found in your knee joint and your  elbow joint. This is a restricted joint which only allows you to move back and forth As Ronaldo kicks the ball in this image he launches his leg back, the  movement used  is called flexion.when he moves his leg backwards synovial fluid is being produced so this will give him a smoother range of movement.As his foot penetrates towards the ball ,he is using the movement extension to extend and kick the ball. His hamstrings , gluteus Maximus and quads must be strong enough to get a lot of power to eject the ball

Ball & Socket
The hip uses the ball and socket joint. This had a wider range of movement which can be up to 360 degrees. ball and socket joint can carry out (flexion , extension , abduction and adduction )  when Ronaldo kicks the ball his hips lean towards the left which gives him more stability on his left side when kicking the ball.when Ronaldo follows through with the ball he ends with his hips at a 90 degrees angle from the ball


Ligaments -This  is found on the outside of the  joint, and are used to strap the meeting bones into place, giving the joint some stability.

A synovial membrane - This is a soft tissue that sits within the joint capsule. Its role is to produce and discharge synovial fluid

A joint capsule - This is a dense fibrous connective tissue that seals the joint. It also aids in joint stability.

Synovial fluid - This is a  liquid that can be found inside the cavity of the joint.its job is to lubricate the bones which cause less friction.

Bursae - These are cushions of fluid that can be found within the the joint. They are situated to provide extra lubrication to the joint

Articular cartilage - is a smooth white tissue that is found t the end of  bones which come together to form a joint (connects )

Fixaters  - A fixter literally holds the bone still that the agonist is attached to.
synagists  is counteract an unwanted movement in the agonist

what does agonist and antagonist mean ?
The difference between agonist and antagonist is agonist works with the muscle and antagonist works against the muscles contraction. For example if you're doing a dumbbell curl your bicep would be the agonist and your triceps' would be the antagonist , but when slowly going down to the starting position your triceps would be the agonist and your bicep would be the antagonist

The acute and chronic responses of the skeletal system to exercise 


chronic

Increased bone density – when training or doing a form of exercise our bones are put under a lot of stress.This will produce cells  called osteoblast in our body,These cells allow our bones to get stronger each time.An example is if a an athlete like a  footballer. They train reguraluary so they will produce a lot of these  cells which give them stronger bones compared to someone who doesn't do exercise at all 

stronger ligaments - Every time we take part in exercise we strengthen our ligaments.when your muscles contract during exercise you thicken and make your ligaments even stronger.This would benefit a footballer by reducing the risk of injury whereas if you don’t have strong ligaments you are likely to pick up an injury.

Acute 

Increased joint movement 

When we take part in exercise we increase the production of synovial fluid: This substance is produced in the bones which is a lubricate for the bones to stop friction.This is benificial for a football player because they would need smooth efficient movement .This links to a football player warming up by jogging and doing stretches. If he / she doesn't do stretches or a warm up the player would risk injury or feel very stiff during and after the game.

The increase of synovil fluid at the joints 
skeletal acute is the increase of synovial fluid  . skeletal acute happens because when
 we do a lot of moving synovial fluid is being produced to lubricate our joints to decrease friction between 2 opposing bones. it depends on your lifestyle and age in which this is produced. A old man that doesn't keep active will have less synovial fluid compared to a younger person Therefore the old person would have stiff bones and find it painful and hard to move around.